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Background  Lignocellulosic substrates and pulping process streams are of increasing relevance to biorefineries for second generation biofuels and biochemical production. They are known to be rich in sugars and inhibitors such as phenolic compounds, organic acids and furaldehydes. Phenolic compounds are a group of aromatic compounds known to be inhibitory to fermentative organisms. It is known that inhibition of  Sacchromyces  cerevisiae  varies among phenolic compounds and the yeast is capable of in situ catabolic conversion and metabolism of some phenolic compounds. In an approach to engineer a  S. cerevisiae  strain with higher tolerance to phenolic inhibitors, we selectively investigated the metabolic conversion and physiological effects of coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Aerobic batch cultivations were separately performed with each of the three phenolic compounds. Conversion of each of the phenolic compounds was observed on time-based qualitative analysis of the culture broth to monitor various intermediate and final metabolites.    Result  Coniferyl aldehyde was rapidly converted within the first 24 h, while ferulic acid and  p -coumaric acid were more slowly converted over a period of 72 h. The conversion of the three phenolic compounds was observed to involved several transient intermediates that were concurrently formed and converted to other phenolic products. Although there were several conversion products formed from coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and  p -coumaric acid, the conversion products profile from the three compounds were similar. On the physiology of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the maximum specific growth rates of the yeast was not affected in the presence of coniferyl aldehyde or ferulic acid, but it was significantly reduced in the presence of  p -coumaric acid. The biomass yields on glucose were reduced to 73 and 54 % of the control in the presence of coniferyl aldehyde and ferulic acid, respectively, biomass yield increased to 127 % of the control in the presence of  p -coumaric acid. Coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and  p -coumaric acid and their conversion products were screened for inhibition, the conversion products were less inhibitory than coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and  p -coumaric acid, indicating that the conversion of the three compounds by  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  was also a detoxification process.    Conclusion  We conclude that the conversion of coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid into less inhibitory compounds is a form of stress response and a detoxification process. We hypothesize that all phenolic compounds are converted by  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  using the same metabolic process. We suggest that the enhancement of the ability of  S. cerevisiae  to convert toxic phenolic compounds into less inhibitory compounds is a potent route to developing a  S. cerevisiae  with superior tolerance to phenolic compounds.

Catabolism of coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields less toxic products