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Background  The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationships between three bone-derived factors [serum osteocalcin (OCN), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels] and body fat content and distribution, in order to reveal the potential endocrine function of bone in the development of obesity.    Methods  We recruited 1179 people (aged 59.5 ± 6.2 years) from communities in Shanghai. Serum OCN levels were determined using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Serum FGF23 and NGAL levels were determined using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The abdominal fat distribution, including visceral fat area (VFA), was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Visceral obesity was defined as a VFA ≥ 80 cm 2 .    Results  Serum OCN levels were inversely correlated with body fat parameters, while FGF23 and NGAL were positively correlated ( P  < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, waist circumference (W) and VFA had a closer relationship with serum OCN, FGF23, and NGAL levels than body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (fat%, all  P  < 0.05). The risk of visceral obesity significantly increased with higher FGF23 and/or NGAL levels, as well as with reduced OCN levels (all  P  < 0.05). In addition, serum OCN, FGF23, and NGAL levels were independently associated with visceral obesity (all  P  < 0.01). The relationships persisted among subjects with normal glucose tolerance or subjects with hyperglycaemia (both  P  < 0.05).    Conclusions  Compared to the indicators of overall adiposity such as BMI or fat%, visceral adiposity indicators (W or VFA) were more closely related to serum OCN, FGF23 and NGAL levels. There was no interaction among the relationship of three bone-derived factors with visceral obesity, which revealed the independent relationship of endocrine function of skeleton with body fat.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0786-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

cardiovascular diabetology

Correlations between serum concentration of three bone-derived factors and obesity and visceral fat accumulation in a cohort of middle aged men and women