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Background  Diabetes is a risk factor for atherosclerosis associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate arterial choline uptake and its relationship to atherosclerotic inflammation in diabetic and non-diabetic hypercholesterolemic mice.    Methods  Low-density lipoprotein-receptor deficient mice expressing only apolipoprotein B100, with or without type 2 diabetes caused by pancreatic overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II/LDLR −/− ApoB 100/100  and LDLR −/− ApoB 100/100 ) were studied. Distribution kinetics of choline analogue  18 F-fluoromethylcholine ( 18 F-FMCH) was assessed in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Then, aortic uptakes of  18 F-FMCH and glucose analogue  18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG), were assessed ex vivo by gamma counting and autoradiography of tissue sections. The  18 F-FMCH uptake in atherosclerotic plaques was further compared with macrophage infiltration and the plasma levels of cytokines and metabolic markers.    Results  The aortas of all hypercholesterolemic mice showed large, macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaques. The plaque burden and densities of macrophage subtypes were similar in diabetic and non-diabetic animals. The blood clearance of  18 F-FMCH was rapid. Both the absolute  18 F-FMCH uptake in the aorta and the aorta-to-blood uptake ratio were higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic mice. In autoradiography, the highest  18 F-FMCH uptake co-localized with macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaques.  18 F-FMCH uptake in plaques correlated with levels of total cholesterol, insulin, C-peptide and leptin. In comparison with  18 F-FDG,  18 F-FMCH provided similar or higher plaque-to-background ratios in diabetic mice.    Conclusions  Type 2 diabetes enhances the uptake of choline that reflects inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques in mice. PET tracer  18 F-FMCH is a potential tool to study vascular inflammation associated with diabetes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0340-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

cardiovascular diabetology

Type 2 diabetes enhances arterial uptake of choline in atherosclerotic mice: an imaging study with positron emission tomography tracer 18F-fluoromethylcholine