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Background  Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons. Derivation of dopaminergic neurons from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) could provide new therapeutic options for PD therapy. Dopaminergic neurons are derived from SOX −  floor plate (FP) cells during embryonic development in many species and in human cell culture in vitro. Early treatment with sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been reported to efficiently convert hESCs into FP lineages.    Methods  In this study, we attempted to utilize a Shh-free approach in deriving SOX1 −  FP cells from hESCs in vitro. Neuroectoderm conversion from hESCs was achieved with dual inhibition of the BMP4 (LDN193189) and TGF-β signaling pathways (SB431542) for 24 h under defined culture conditions.    Results  Following a further 5 days of treatment with LDN193189 or LDN193189 + SB431542, SOX1 −  FP cells constituted 70–80 % of the entire cell population. Upon treatment with Shh and FGF8, the SOX1 −  FP cells were efficiently converted to functional Nurr1 +  and TH +  dopaminergic cells (patterning), which constituted more than 98 % of the entire cell population. However, when the same growth factors were applied to SOX1 +  cells, only less than 4 % of the cells became Nurr1 + , indicating that patterning was effective only if SOX1 expression was down-regulated. After transplanting the Nurr1 +  and TH +  cells into a hemiparkinsonian rat model, significant improvements were observed in amphetamine induced ipslateral rotations, apomorphine induced contra-lateral rotations and Rota rod motor tests over a duration of 8 weeks.    Conclusions  Our findings thus provide a convenient approach to FP development and functional dopaminergic neuron derivation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0251-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Efficient derivation of dopaminergic neurons from SOX1− floor plate cells under defined culture conditions