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Background  Phytohormone synergies and signaling interdependency are important topics in plant developmental biology. Physiological and genetic experimental evidence for phytohormone crosstalk has been accumulating and a genome-scale enzyme correlation model representing the  Arabidopsis  metabolic pathway has been published. However, an integrated molecular characterization of phytohormone crosstalk is still not available.    Results  A novel modeling methodology and advanced computational approaches were used to construct an enzyme-based  Arabidopsis  phytohormone crosstalk network (EAPCN) at the biosynthesis level. The EAPCN provided the structural connectivity architecture of phytohormone biosynthesis pathways and revealed a surprising result; that enzymes localized at the highly connected nodes formed a consecutive metabolic route. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that the transcription factors (TFs) that regulate enzyme-encoding genes in the consecutive metabolic route formed structures, which we describe as circular control units operating at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, the downstream TFs in phytohormone signal transduction pathways were found to be involved in the circular control units that included the TFs regulating enzyme-encoding genes. In addition, multiple functional enzymes in the EAPCN were found to be involved in ion and pH homeostasis, environmental signal perception, cellular redox homeostasis, and circadian clocks. Last, publicly available transcriptional profiles and a protein expression map of the  Arabidopsis  root apical meristem were used as a case study to validate the proposed framework.    Conclusions  Our results revealed multiple scales of coupled mechanisms in that hormonal crosstalk networks that play a central role in coordinating internal developmental processes with environmental signals, and give a broader view of  Arabidopsis  phytohormone crosstalk. We also uncovered potential key regulators that can be further analyzed in future studies.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0333-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc systems biology

The Arabidopsis phytohormone crosstalk network involves a consecutive metabolic route and circular control units of transcription factors that regulate enzyme-encoding genes