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Background The red panda has been classified as an endangered species due to the decreased number in the world and disease is considered as a great threat to the health and survival of the cubs in captivity. Results This study analyzed 32 red panda cub mortalities (15 females and 17 males, age less than two months) through gross necropsy, microbiological examination, and histopathological observation at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, China, during 2014–2020. The results showed that screenings for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, rotavirus and parasite infection were all negative, however bacteria such as  Klebsiella pneumoniae ,  Proteus mirabilis ,  Escherichia coli ,  Enterococcus faecalis ,  Pseudomonas  were isolated from the tissue samples of some cubs. The major causes of death were respiratory (43.75%) and digestive system disease (28.13%), followed by cardiovascular disease (12.5%) and neonatal stillbirths (9.38%). Renal system diseases and trauma were also detected, at lower incidence (one case for each). The mortality rate within 15 days of birth was 68.75% and gradually decreased with age, there was no significant difference in gender. Conclusion This study can provide a scientific basis for the analysis of the cause of death among red panda cubs in captivity, so as to improve the survival rate, help build the captive population and further the  ex-situ  conservation management of this endangered species. Additionally, our research may also provide insights into the  in-situ  conservation of wild red pandas by identifying emerging disease threats within the wild population and potential treatment for rescued individuals.

Mortality analysis of captive red panda cubs within Chengdu, China