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Background  Production, marketability and consumer preference of red tilapia often depends upon the intensity of coloration. Hence, new approaches to develop coloration are now geared to improve market acceptability and profit. This study evaluated the effects of carotenoid-rich diets on the phenotypic coloration, carotenoid level, weight gain and expression of coloration-linked genes in skin, fin and muscle tissues. Carotenoids were extracted from dried  Daucus carota  peel,  Ipomoea aquatica  leaves, and  Moringa oleifera  leaves. Eighty (80) size-14 fish were fed with carotenoid-rich treatments twice a day for 120 days. The phenotypic effect of the carotenoid extracts was measured through a color chart. Skin carotenoid level was measured through UV-vis spectrophotometer.  csf1ra, Bcdo2  and  StAR  expression analysis was done using qRT-PCR.    Results  Treatments with carotenoid extracts yielded higher overall scores on phenotypic coloration and tissue carotenoid levels. Differential expression of carotenoid-linked genes such as the elevated expression in  csf1ra  and lower expression in  Bcdo2b  following supplementation of the enhanced diet supports the phenotypic redness and increased carotenoid values in red tilapia fed with  D. carota  peel and  I. aquatica  leaves.    Conclusions  Overall improvement in the redness of the tilapia was achieved through the supplementation of carotenoid-rich diet derived from readily available plants. Differential expression of coloration-linked genes supports the increase in the intensity of phenotypic coloration and level of carotenoids in the tissues. The study emphasizes the importance of carotenoids in the commercial tilapia industry and highlights the potential of the plant extracts for integration and development of feeds for color enhancement in red tilapia.

Carotenoid coloration and coloration-linked gene expression in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) tissues