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Background  Infective lesions of the jaws and adjacent tissues (lumpy jaw disease, LJD) have been recognized as one major cause of death of captive macropods.  Fusobacterium necrophorum  and  Actinomyces  species serve as the main source of LJD in kangaroos and wallabies. Currently, little is reported about LJD or similar diseases in opossums.    Case presentation  Here we report a case of actinomycosis resembling the entity lumpy jaw disease in a gray four-eyed opossum, caused by a novel species of  Schaalia . A 2.8 year old male  Philander opossum  was presented with unilateral swelling of the right mandible. After an initial treatment with marbofloxacin, the opossum was found dead the following day and the carcass was submitted for necropsy. Postmortem examination revealed severe mandibular skin and underlying soft tissue infection with subsequent septicemia as the cause of death. Histological examination demonstrated Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, typically seen in classical cases of actinomycosis. Bacteriology of liver and mandibular mass yielded a previously undescribed species of  Schaalia , whose 16 S rRNA gene sequence was 97.0 % identical to  Schaalia canis . Whole genome sequencing of the opossum isolate and calculation of average nucleotide identity confirmed a novel species of  Schaalia , for which no whole genome sequence is yet available.    Conclusions  The herewith reported  Schaalia  infection in the gray four-eyed opossum resembling classical actinomycosis gives a novel insight into new exotic animal bacterial diseases.  Schaalia  species may belong to the normal oral microbiome, as in macropods, and may serve as a contributor to opportunistic infections. Due to the lack of current literature, more insights and improved knowledge about  Schaalia  spp. and their pathogenicity will be useful to choose appropriate therapy regimens and improve the treatment success rate and outcome in exotic and endangered species.

Actinomycosis in a gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum) caused by a novel species of Schaalia