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Background  The present study was aimed at establishing the prevalence, epidemiology and molecular characterization of major haemoprotozoons ( Babesia  and  Theileria ) and rickettsia ( Anaplasma ) of cattle in Jammu region (North India) using microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Hematology, microscopy and PCR based prevalence studies were undertaken with 278 whole blood samples from cattle. Molecular prevalence studies were followed by genetic characterization of the isolates of  Babesia ,  Anaplasma  and  Theileria  spp. based on 18S rRNA, 16S rRNA and Tams1 gene, respectively. The data related to metrology and epidemiological variables like temperature, rainfall, season, age and type of livestock rearing was analyzed and correlated with occurrence of disease by statistical methods.    Results  The prevalence based on microscopy was 12.9% (36/278) whereas PCR recorded 30.22% (84/278) animals positive for haemoparasitic infections. All the samples found positive by microscopy were also recorded positive by PCR. Thus the study revealed prevalence of  Babesia bigemina ,  Anaplasma marginale  and  Theileria annulata  to be 9.7, 16.5 and 0.7% respectively. The metrological and epidemiological variables made inroads for the propagation of vector ticks and occurrence of infection. Haematological alterations predominantly related to decrease in haemoglobin, red blood cell count and packed cell volume were evident in diseased animals and collaterally affected the productivity. Further the genetic characterization of  Babesia bigemina . (MN566925.1, MN567603, MN566924.1),  Anaplasma marginale . (MH733242.1, MN567602.1) and  Theileria annulata  (MT113479) provided a representative data of the isolates circulating in the region and their proximity with available sequences across the world.    Conclusions  Despite holding much significance to the animal sector, comprehensive disease mapping has yet not been undertaken in several parts of India. The present study provides a blue print of disease mapping, epidemiological correlations and genomic diversity of  Babesia bigemina ,  Anaplasma marginale  and  Theileria annulata  circulating in the region.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02915-9.

bmc veterinary research

Epidemiology, haematology and molecular characterization of haemoprotozoon and rickettsial organisms causing infections in cattle of Jammu region, North India