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Background  Necrotic enteritis, which is caused by  Clostridium perfringens , has resulted in more than $2 billion losses in the poultry industry every year. Due to the ban of antibiotics in feed industry, alternatives like environment improvement and probiotics have been found to be effective as well. In our study, we aim to explore the protective effect of  Lactobacillus plantarum  supplementation on  CP  infected chickens in two environments.    Results  The results showed that the  Clostridium perfringens  administration led to visible and histomorphological gut lesions. In the specific pathogen free or free-range system environment, dietary supplementation with  LP  obvious increased the ratio of intestinal villus height to crypt depth and the expression of  MUC2  mRNA in ileum mucosa, then reduced the mRNA expression level of  TNF-α  gene in the ileum mucosa.  LP  treatment significantly reduced the contents of total protein, total superoxide dismutase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in serum of the chickens.    Conclusions  The specific pathogen free environment contributed to the recovery of pre-inflammation of the chickens, and free-range system environment contributed to the repair of damage in the later stages of chicken inflammation. Supplementation of  LP  in FRS environment was more conducive to the recovery of  CP  infected in chickens.

bmc veterinary research

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on intestinal integrity and immune responses of egg-laying chickens infected with Clostridium perfringens under the free-range or the specific pathogen free environment