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Background   Mycobacterium avium  complex (MAC) causes a chronic infectious in the birds known as avian mycobacteriosis. Almost all species of the birds are susceptible to MAC which consists of two closely related species of mycobacteria, that is,  M. avium  and  M. intracellulare.  This study aimed to determine the occurrence of  Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium  (MAA) in chickens and captive birds in selected states of Peninsular Malaysia.    Results  A 300 fecal samples were collected from village chickens ( n  = 100), layer chickens ( n  = 100) and captive birds ( n  = 100). Fecal samples were split into two aliquots for microbiological and molecular detection of MAA. Microbiology detection consisted of microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) and culture of samples decontaminated with 1% Cetylperidinium chloride and vancomycin, nalidixic acid and amphotericin B (VNA) antibiotic cocktail [vancomycin (VAN) 100 μg/ml, nalidixic acid (NAL) 100 μg/ml and amphotericin B (AMB) 50 μg/ml] onto Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J). Molecular detection (PCR-IS 901)  was performed to detect MAA DNA from the feces and PCR-16S rRNA and IS 901  for identification of genus  Mycobacterium  and  Mycobacterium avium  sub species  avium  isolated onto L-J. All samples (296) were AFB negative smear.  M. avium  was isolated in 0.3% (1/296) samples by culture and detected in 2.5% (6/242) samples by PCR (IS 901 ). Other mycobacteria were found in 1.7% (5/296) chickens. Of five isolates, two were identified as  Mycobacterium terrae  and  M. engbaekii  and remaining isolates were not sequenced. Birds positive for  M. avium  included White Pelican ( n  = 1) Black Hornbill ( n  = 1), Macaw ( n  = 2), Cockatoo ( n  = 2) and village chicken ( n  = 1).    Conclusion  It is concluded that chickens and birds were infected with  M. avium  in selected areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Although, PCR is rapid, reliable and cost effective method for detection of  M. avium  in a subclinical stage, the culture of the avian feces should still be used as a reference test for the diagnosis of avian tuberculosis.

Isolation of Mycobacterium avium and other nontuberculous mycobacteria in chickens and captive birds in peninsular Malaysia