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Background  The global prevalence of economic primary infection of poultry by H9N2 virus, including the Lineage A, panzootic group ME1, and associated with secondary infection by  Mycoplasma gallisepticum  (MG), is alarming to the sustainability of the poultry sector. This research evaluated in broilers the immunity and protection induced by aerosolization of liposomal nanoparticles vaccine, encapsulating antigens of H9N2 virus and MG, with or without the incorporation of  Echinacea  extract (EE) immuno-stimulant. Six different treatments (TRTs) of broilers were included in the experimental design, with three replicate pens/TRT and stocking of 20 day-old birds/replicate.    Results  The tracheobronchial washings of birds subjected to aerosolization of liposomal nanoparticles, encapsulating antigens of H9N2 and MG and EE had the highest significant mean levels of each of IgA and IgG specific to H9N2 and MG, associated with lowest tracheal MG colonization, tracheal H9N2 recovery, tracheal histopathologic lesions, mortality, and best performance in body weight and feed conversion compared to all other challenged birds allocated to different treatments ( P  < 0.05). However, the control broilers, free from challenge with MG and H9N2, had the lowest mortality and tracheal lesions, and the highest production performance.    Conclusion  The aerosolization of liposomal nanoparticles, encapsulating antigens of H9N2 and MG and EE resulted in enough local immunity for protection of broilers against infection, and in attaining the highest production performance in challenged birds. The potential implication of vaccinating with safe killed nanoparticle vaccines is of utmost importance to the global poultry sector.

bmc veterinary research

Evaluation in broilers of aerosolized nanoparticles vaccine encapsulating imuno-stimulant and antigens of avian influenza virus/Mycoplasma gallisepticum