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Background  Canine mammary gland tumors (cMGTs) are the most common neoplasms in intact female canines and viewed as a suitable model for studying human breast cancers.  Euphorbia royleana  has been reported to have a variety of antitumor efficacies. We have prepared the crude extracts of  E. royleana  in ethanol and hexane solvents to evaluate the anti-tumor effects for cMGT in vitro and in vivo.    Results  The results showed that  E. royleana  could inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation in cMGT cells. The suppression of tumor cell growth resulted from necrosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, autophagy appears to play a critical role in  E. royleana -mediated cell death by triggering cell apoptosis. The in vivo results also revealed that  E. royleana  treatment could reduce the size of solid tumors while exhibiting low toxicity in cMGT-bearing nude mice.    Conclusions  The anti-tumor mechanisms of  E. royleana  were firstly verified to show it would cause autophagic cell death, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in canine mammary tumor cells. The in vitro and in vivo findings in the present study revealed  E. royleana  has potential anticancer effects for the treatment of canine mammary gland tumors.

Inhibiting autophagy potentiates the antitumor efficacy of Euphorbia royleana for canine mammary gland tumors