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Background  The aim of this study was to investigate the association among biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and antibiotic resistance in  P. mirabilis  isolates collected from diarrhetic animals ( n  = 176) in northeast China between September 2014 and October 2016.    Results  Approximately 92.05% of the isolates were biofilm producers, whereas 7.95% of the isolates were non-producers. The prevalence of virulence genes in the biofilm producer group was significantly higher than that in the non-producer group. Biofilm production was significantly associated with the expression of  ureC ,  zapA ,  rsmA ,  hmpA ,  mrpA ,  atfA , and  pmfA  ( P  < 0.05). The results of drug susceptibility tests revealed that approximately 76.7% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Biofilm production was significantly associated with resistance to doxycycline, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, and cephalothin ( P  < 0.05). Although the pathogenicity of the biofilm producers was stronger than that of the non-producers, the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates was not significantly associated with morbidity and mortality in mice ( P  > 0.05).    Conclusion  Our findings suggested that a high level of multidrug resistance in  P. mirabilis  isolates obtained from diarrhetic animals in northeast China. The results of this study indicated that the positive rates of the genes expressed by biofilm-producing  P. mirabilis  isolates were significantly higher than those expressed by non-producing isolates.

bmc veterinary research

Association among biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and antibiotic resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolates from diarrhetic animals in Northeast China