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Background   Salmonella  is generally considered as a human pathogen causing typhoid fever and gastrointestinal infections called salmonellosis, with  S.  Enteritidis and  S.  Typhimurium strains as the main causative agents.  Salmonella enterica  strains have a wide host array including humans, birds, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, reptiles, amphibians and insects. Up to 90% of reptiles are the carriers of one or more serovars of  Salmonella.  Extraintestinal bacterial infections associated with reptiles pose serious health threat to humans. The import of exotic species of reptiles as pet animals to Europe correlates with the emergence of  Salmonella  serotypes, which not found previously in European countries. The presented study is a new report about  Salmonella  serotypes associated with exotic reptiles in Poland. The goal of this research was to examine the zoonotic potential of  Salmonella  strains isolated from reptiles by comparative analysis with  S.  Enteritidis strains occurring in human population and causing salmonellosis.    Results  The main findings of our work show that exotic reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of  Salmonella  serovars other than correlated with salmonellosis in humans ( S . Enteritidis,  S . Typhimurium). Among the isolated  Salmonella  strains we identified serovars that have not been reported earlier in Poland, for example belonging to subspecies  diarizonae  and  salamae . Restriction analysis with Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis  ( PFGE), showed a great diversity among  Salmonella  strains isolated from reptiles. Almost all tested strains had distinct restriction patterns. While  S . Enteritidis strains were quite homogeneous in term of phylogenetic relations. Most of the tested VGs were common for the two tested groups of  Salmonella  strains.    Conclusions  The obtained results show that  Salmonella  strains isolated from reptiles share most of virulence genes with the  S.  Enteritidis strains and exhibit a greater phylogenetic diversity than the tested  S.  Enteritidis population.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2019-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc veterinary research

Comparison of the phylogenetic analysis of PFGE profiles and the characteristic of virulence genes in clinical and reptile associated Salmonella strains