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Background  Infectious abortion in ruminants is a problem in animal husbandry worldwide. It is important to obtain a diagnosis, to make sure that proper control measures can be instituted, but most abortion cases remain without an etiologic diagnosis. This report describes the presence of  Arcobacter  species and several neglected opportunistic abortifacient agents in ruminant abortion cases showing or not co-infections among at least one of the major recognized protozoal, fungal, bacterial and viral abortifacient agents.    Results  A total of 67 fetuses (55 cattle and 12 goats) and just one placenta (cattle) were considered. Among the most common abortive agents,  Neospora caninum  (19,4%), followed by  Chlamydophila abortus  (4,5%),  Listeria monocytogenes  1/2a (2,98%),  Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus  type 1b (2,98%),  Bovine herpesvirus 4  (2,98%), and  Aspergillus  spp. (2,98%) were detected. The isolated neglected opportunistic bacteria include  Escherichia coli ,  Acinetobacter lwoffii ,  Staphylococcus  spp.,  Streptococcus  spp.,  Streptococcus uberis ,  Streptococcus suis ,  Trueperella pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica ,  Bacillus cereus  and  Nocardia  spp. Other bacterial species, not associated with abortion by literature, but described as causes of diseases occurring sporadically both in humans and animals, were also detected. Three  Arcobacter  strains, namely two  A. skirrowii  and one  A. cryaerophilus , were isolated from 3 bovine aborted fetuses, and  A. butzleri  was isolated from the placenta.    Conclusions  A not negligible isolation of  Arcobacter  species and other neglected abortifacient agents has to be mentioned, with prevalences that seem to be emerging and replacing or co-placing the major infectious players in bovine and caprine reproductive failure due to abortion disease, even if further studies investigating the aetiological power and transmission routes are needed in order to define the role of these microrganisms in ruminant abortion.

Isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected opportunistic agents from aborted bovine and caprine fetuses