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Background  Community acquired  Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile  infection (CA-CDI) is a significant health problem in human and veterinary medicine. Animals are often considered as potential reservoirs for CA-CDI. In Europe, family farming is the most predominant farming operation, with a complex interaction between animals and the community. Therefore, it is pertinent to evaluate transmission patterns of  C. difficile  on such prominent European farming model.  Fecal samples from calves ( n  = 2442) were collected biweekly over a period of one year on 20 mid-size family dairy farms. Environmental samples ( n  = 475) were collected in a three month interval.  Clostridioides difficile  was detected using qPCR in 243 fecal samples (243/2442); positive samples were then quantified. Association between prevalence/load of  C. difficile  and age of the calves was estimated with logistic regression model. Most common  C. difficile  isolate from calves ( n  = 76) and the environment ( n  = 14) was  C. difficile  ribotype 033, which was further analyzed using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) to assess intra- and between-farm relatedness.    Results   Clostridioides difficile  was detected in feces of calves less than 24 h old. Results showed a non-linear statistically significant decrease in shedding load of  C. difficile  with age ( P  < 0.0001). A nonlinear relationship was also established between the number of calves and the farm  C. difficile  prevalence, whereas the prevalence of  C. difficile  ribotype 033 increased linearly with the number of calves. MLVA revealed close intra-farm relatedness among  C. difficile  ribotypes 033. It also revealed that the between-farms close relatedness of  C. difficile  ribotypes 033 can be a direct result of farm to farm trade of calves.    Conclusions  Implementation of better hygiene and management measures on farms may help decrease the risk of spreading CA-CDI between animals and the community. Trading calves older than 3 weeks would decrease the possibility  C. difficile  dissemination in the community because of lower prevalence and lower load of  C. difficile  in feces.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1616-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc veterinary research

Quantification of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in feces of calves of different age and determination of predominant Clostridioides difficile ribotype 033 relatedness and transmission between family dairy farms using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis