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Background  In the host immune system, perforin is a cytotoxic effector molecule that eliminate virus-infected and malignant cells. Moreover, some recent studies also imply the involvement of perforin in antibacterial immunity. Common carp ( Cyprinus carpio  L.), one of the most economically important fish species in China, has a high susceptibility to viruses and bacteria. Thus far, in common carp, no data are available regarding the identification and immunologic function of the perforin.    Results  In the present study, the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of three perforin isoform genes were cloned and characterized in common carp, named  Cc PRF1,  Cc PRF2 and  Cc PRF3. Amino acid sequences of the three  Cc PRFs were quite different, with identities ranged from 37.3 to 39.5%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three  Cc PRFs, each in a separate sub-branch, possessed closer evolutionary relationship with other teleost perforins, especially with cyprinid fishes, than higher vertebrates. Expression analysis revealed that each  Cc PRF gene was differentially expressed in all of the nine tested tissues. During larvae ontogeny, each  Cc PRF displayed a distinct expression pattern, while with a common expression peak at 22 days post hatching (dph). Moreover, in vivo or in vitro, after stimulation with polyI:C, LPS and  Aeromonas hydrophila , each  Cc PRF was induced significantly, with differential expression dynamics.    Conclusions  Our findings suggest that perforin might play significant roles in larval immune system and in the immune defense of common carp against viral and bacterial pathogens. Meantime, the differential expression dynamics seem to imply possible different cellular locations or functional differences across various  Cc PRF isoforms.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1613-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc veterinary research

Molecular characterization of three novel perforins in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and their expression patterns during larvae ontogeny and in response to immune challenges