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Background  Apoptosis plays an important role in the regulation of healthy tissue growth and development as well as in controlling the maintenance of homeostasis in exercising muscles. During an intensive physical effort, the regulation of cell death by apoptosis results in the replacement of unaccustomed muscle cells by new cells that are better suited to exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of two genes ( SH3FR1  and  SH3RF2 ) that control apoptosis in muscle tissues during training periods characterized by different intensities. The gene expression levels were estimated using real-time PCR method in skeletal muscle biopsies collected from 15 Arabian horses (untrained, after an intense gallop phase, and at the end of the racing season). An association study was performed on 250 Arabian horses to assess the effect of the  SH3RF2: c.796 T > C (p.Ser266Pro) variant on race performance traits in flat gallop-racing.    Results  A gene expression analysis confirmed a significant decrease ( p  < 0.01) in the anti-apoptotic  SH3RF2  ( POSHER ) gene during training periods that differed in intensity. The highest  SH3RF2  expression level was detected in the muscles of untrained horses, whereas the lowest expression was identified at the end of the racing season in horses that were fully adapted to the exercise. A non-significant decrease in  SH3RF1  gene expression following the training periods was observed. Moreover, a serine substitution by proline at amino acid position 266 ( CC  genotype) was negatively associated with the probability of winning races, the number of races in which a horse occurred and the financial value of the prizes. Horses with the  TT  genotype achieved the highest financial benefits, both for total winnings and for winnings per race in which the horses participated.    Conclusions  The present study showed the supposed regulation mechanism of exercise-induced apoptosis in horses at the molecular level. The identified  SH3RF2 : c.796 T > C missense variant was associated with selected racing performance traits, which is important information during the evaluation of horses’ exercise predisposition. The association results and frequencies of the  CT  and  TT  genotypes suggest the possibility of using  SH3RF2  variant in selection to improve the racing performance of Arabian horses.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1567-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Molecular characterization of the apoptosis-related SH3RF1 and SH3RF2 genes and their association with exercise performance in Arabian horses