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Background  All over the world, Shiga toxin-producing  Escherichia coli  (STEC) are considered as important zoonotic pathogens. Eight serogroups have the greatest role in the outbreaks and diseases caused by STEC which include O26, O45, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145 and O157. Ruminants, especially cattle are the main reservoirs but the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of human infections has not been thoroughly assessed in many countries. The objective of this research was to investigate the pathogenic potential of the STEC strains isolated from slaughtered goats. In this study, a total of 57 STEC strains were recovered from 450 goats and characterized by subtyping of  stx  genes, O-serogrouping, phylo-typing and DNA fingerprinting.    Results  Amongst 57 STEC strains isolated from goats, the prevalence of  stx1  was significantly more than  stx2  (98.2% vs. 24.5%;  P  ≤ 0.05), and 22.8% of strains harbored both  stx1  and  stx2  genes. Three (5.2%) isolates were characterized as EHEC, which carried both  eae  and  stx  genes. A total of five  stx -subtypes were recognized namely:  stx1c  (94.7%),  stx1a  (53.7%),  stx2d  (21%),  stx2c  (17.5%), and  stx2a  (15.7%). In some parts of the world, these subtypes have been reported in relation with severe human infections. The  stx  subtypes predominantly occurred in four combinations, including  stx1a/stx1c  (35%),  stx1c  (31.5%),  stx1c/stx2a/stx2c/stx2d  (5.2%) and  stx1c/stx2c/stx2d  (%5.2%). In serogrouping, the majority of STECs from goats did not belong to the top 8 serogroups but two strains belonged to O113, which has been recognized as an important pathogenic STEC in Australia. Interestingly, none of  stx   +   eae   +   isolates belonged to the tested serogroups. In phylo-typing the isolates mostly belonged to phylo-group B1 (82.4%), followed by phylo-group A (12.3%). STEC strains showed a substantial diversity in DNA fingerprinting; there were 24 unique ERIC-types (with a ≥95% similarity) among the isolates.    Conclusions  Despite the fact that the top 8 STEC serogroups were uncommon in caprine strains, the presence of highly pathogenic  stx  subtypes indicates that small ruminants and their products can be considered as an overlooked public health risk for humans, especially in developing countries which consume traditional products.

bmc veterinary research

Pathogenic potential of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of caprine origin: virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, phylogenetic background and clonal relatedness