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Background  Hunting constitutes an important industry in Europe. However, data on the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in large game animal species are lacking from several countries. Blood or spleen samples (239 and 270, respectively) were taken from red, fallow and roe deer, as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons and wild boars in Hungary, followed by DNA extraction and molecular analyses for  Anaplasma phagocytophilum , haemoplasmas and rickettsiae.    Results  Based on blood samples, the prevalence rate of  A. phagocytophilum  infection was significantly higher in red deer (97.9%) than in fallow deer (72.7%) and roe deer (60%), and in all these compared to mouflons (6.3%). In addition, 39.2% of the spleen samples from wild boars were PCR positive for  A. phagocytophilum , but none of the buffalos. Based on blood samples, the prevalence rates of both  Mycoplasma wenyonii  (Mw) and ‘ Candidatus  M. haemobos’ (CMh) infections were significantly higher in buffaloes (Mw: 91.2%; CMh: 73.3%) than in red deer (Mw: 64.6%; CMh: 45.8%), and in both of them compared to fallow deer (Mw: 30.3%; CMh: 9.1%) and roe deer (Mw: 20%; CMh: 1.5%). The prevalence of Mw and CMh infection significantly correlated with the body sizes of these hosts. Furthermore, Mw was significantly more prevalent than CMh in buffaloes, red and roe deer.  Mycoplasma ovis  was detected in mouflons,  M. suis  in wild boars,  R. helvetica  in one fallow deer and one mouflon, and an unidentified  Rickettsia  sp. in a fallow deer.    Conclusions  Forest-dwelling game animal species were found to be important carriers of  A. phagocytophilum . In contrast, animals grazing grassland (i.e. buffaloes) were less likely to get infected with this  Ixodes ricinus -borne pathogen. Water buffaloes, deer species, mouflons and wild boars harbored haemoplasmas that may affect domestic ungulates. Evaluated animals with larger body size had significantly higher prevalence of infection with haemoplasmas compared to smaller deer species. The above host species rarely carried rickettsiae.

bmc veterinary research

Tick- and fly-borne bacteria in ungulates: the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae in water buffalo and deer species in Central Europe, Hungary