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Background  The uteruses of most dairy cattle are easily infected by bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria, following parturition. Macrophages are important cells of the immune system and play a critical role in the inflammatory response. In addition, cortisol levels become significantly increased due to the stress of parturition in dairy cattle, and cortisol is among the most widely used and effective therapies for many inflammatory diseases. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effects and potential molecular mechanisms of cortisol using a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cell line.    Results  Cortisol significantly suppressed the production of prostaglandin E 2  (PGE 2 ) and decreased the gene and protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cortisol inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreased IL-1β secretion in an LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Moreover, we found that cortisol suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. This suppression was mediated by the inhibition of IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. In addition, cortisol also suppressed the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK).    Conclusions  These results suggest that high cortisol levels can attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Cortisol modulates inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways