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Background  Outbreaks of a Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) like disease causing large mortalities in camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) in Asia and in Africa have been reported since 1890. Yet the aetiology of this condition remains elusive. This study is the first to apply state of the art molecular methods to shed light on the nasopharyngeal carrier state of Pasteurellaceae in camels. The study focused on HS causing  Pasteurella multocida  capsular types B and E. Other Pasteurellaceae, implicated in common respiratory infections of animals, were also investigated.    Methods  In 2007 and 2008, 388 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at 12 locations in North Kenya from 246 clinically healthy camels in 81 herds that had been affected by HS-like disease. Swabs were used to cultivate bacteria on blood agar and to extract DNA for subsequent PCR analysis targeting  P. multocida  and  Mannheimia -specific gene sequences.    Results  Forty-five samples were positive for  P. multocida  genes  kmt  and  psl  and for the  P. multocida  Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) specific sequences KTSP61/KTT72 but lacked HS-associated capsular type B and E genes  capB  and  capE . This indicates circulation of HS strains in camels that lack established capsular types. Sequence analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene identified 17 nasal swab isolates as 99% identical with  Mannheimia granulomatis , demonstrating a hitherto unrecognised active carrier state for  M. granulomatis  or a closely related  Mannheimia  sp. in camels.    Conclusions  The findings of this study provide evidence for the presence of acapsular  P. multocida  or of hitherto unknown capsular types of  P. multocida  in camels, closely related to  P. multocida  strains causing HS in bovines. Further isolations and molecular studies of camelid  P. multocida  from healthy carriers and from HS-like disease in camels are necessary to provide conclusive answers. This paper is the first report on the isolation of  M. granulomatis  or a closely related new  Mannheimia  species from camelids.

Molecular study on Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia granulomatis from Kenyan Camels (Camelus dromedarius)