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Background  In Italy,  Angiostrongylus vasorum , an emergent parasite, is being diagnosed in dogs from areas considered free of infection so far. As clinical signs are multiple and common to other diseases, its diagnosis can be challenging. In particular, in areas where angiostrongylosis and dirofilariosis overlap, a misleading diagnosis of cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis might occur even on the basis of possible misleading outcomes from diagnostic kits.    Case presentation  Two Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs from an Italian breeding in the Northwest were referred to a private veterinary hospital with respiratory signs. A cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis was diagnosed and the dogs treated with ivermectin, but one of them died. At necropsy, pulmonary oedema, enlargement of tracheo-bronchial lymphnodes and of cardiac right side were detected. Within the right ventricle lumen, adults of  A. vasorum  were found. All dogs from the same kennel were subjected to faecal examination by FLOTAC and Baermann’s techniques to detect  A. vasorum  first stage larvae; blood analysis by Knott’s for  Dirofilaria immitis  microfilariae, and antigenic tests for both  A. vasorum  (Angio Detect™) and  D.immitis  (DiroCHEK® Heartworm, Witness® Dirofilaria ). The surviving dog with respiratory signs resulted positive for  A. vasorum  both at serum antigens and larval detection. Its Witness® test was low positive similarly to other four dogs from the same kennel, but false positive results due to cross reactions with  A. vasorum  were also considered. No dogs were found infected by  A. vasorum .  Eventually, the investigation was deepened by browsing the pathological database of Veterinary Pathology Laboratories at Veterinary School of Milan University through 1998–2016, where 11 cases of angiostrongylosis were described. Two out of 11 dogs had a mixed infection with  Crenosoma vulpis .    Conclusion  The study demonstrates the need for accurate surveys to acquire proper epidemiological data on  A. vasorum  infection in Northwestern Italy and for appropriate diagnostic methods. Veterinary clinicians should be warned about the occurrence of this canine parasite and the connected risk of a misleading diagnosis, particularly in areas endemic for cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis.

bmc veterinary research

Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs from a cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis endemic area of Northwestern Italy: a case study and a retrospective data analysis