English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

As malaria transmission declines, understanding the differential impact of intensified control on  Plasmodium falciparum  relative to  Plasmodium vivax  and identifying key drivers of ongoing transmission is essential to guide future interventions.    Methods  Three longitudinal child cohorts were conducted in Papua New Guinea before (2006/2007), during (2008) and after scale-up of control interventions (2013). In each cohort, children aged 1–5 years were actively monitored for infection and illness. Incidence of malaria episodes, molecular force of blood-stage infections ( mol FOB) and population-averaged prevalence of infections were compared across the cohorts to investigate the impact of intensified control in young children and the key risk factors for malaria infection and illness in 2013.    Results  Between 2006 and 2008,  P. falciparum  infection prevalence,  mol FOB, and clinical malaria episodes reduced by 47%, 59% and 69%, respectively, and a further 49%, 29% and 75% from 2008 to 2013 (prevalence 41.6% to 22.1% to 11.2%;  mol FOB: 3.4 to 1.4 to 1.0 clones/child/year; clinical episodes incidence rate (IR) 2.6 to 0.8 to IR 0.2 episodes/child/year).  P. vivax  clinical episodes declined at rates comparable to  P. falciparum  between 2006, 2008 and 2013 (IR 2.5 to 1.1 to 0.2), while  P. vivax   mol FOB (2006, 9.8; 2008, 12.1) and prevalence (2006, 59.6%; 2008, 65.0%) remained high in 2008. However, in 2013,  P. vivax   mol FOB (1.2) and prevalence (19.7%) had also substantially declined. In 2013, 89% of  P. falciparum  and 93% of  P. vivax  infections were asymptomatic, 62% and 47%, respectively, were sub-microscopic. Area of residence was the major determinant of malaria infection and illness.    Conclusion  Intensified vector control and routine case management had a differential impact on rates of  P. falciparum  and  P. vivax  infections but not clinical malaria episodes in young children. This suggests comparable reductions in new mosquito-derived infections but a delayed impact on  P. vivax  relapsing infections due to a previously acquired reservoir of hypnozoites. This demonstrates the need to strengthen implementation of  P. vivax  radical cure to maximise impact of control in co-endemic areas. The high heterogeneity of malaria in 2013 highlights the importance of surveillance and targeted interventions to accelerate towards elimination.

Differential impact of malaria control interventions on P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in young Papua New Guinean children