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Background  Financial risk protection (FRP) is a key objective of national health systems and a core pillar of universal health coverage (UHC). Yet, little is known about the disease-specific distribution of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) at the national level.    Methods  Using the World Health Surveys (WHS) from 39 countries, we quantified CHE, or household health spending that surpasses 40% of capacity-to-pay by key disease areas. We restricted our analysis to households in which the respondent used health care in the last 30 days and categorized CHE into disease areas included as WHS response options: maternal and child health (MCH); high fever, severe diarrhea, or cough; heart disease; asthma; injury; surgery; and other. We compared disease-specific CHE estimates by income, pooled funding as a share of total health expenditure, share of the population affected by the different diseases, and poverty status.    Results  Across countries, an average of 45.1% of CHE cases could not be tied to a specific cause; 37.6% (95% UI 35.4–39.9%) of CHE cases were associated with high fever, severe cough, or diarrhea; 3.9% (3.0–4.9%) with MCH; and 4.1% (3.3–4.9%) with heart disease. Injuries constituted 5.2% (4.2–6.4%) of CHE cases. The distribution of CHE varied substantially by national income. A 10% increase in heart disease prevalence was associated with a 1.9% (1.3–2.4%) increase in heart disease CHE, an association stronger than any other disease area.    Conclusions  Our approach is comparable, comprehensive, and empirically based and highlights how financial risk protection may not be aligned with disease burden. Disease-specific CHE estimates can illuminate how health systems can target reform to best protect households from financial risk.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12916-019-1266-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Disaggregating catastrophic health expenditure by disease area: cross-country estimates based on the World Health Surveys