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Background  The mosquito  Aedes aegypti  is the main vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. This major disease vector is thought to have arisen when the African subspecies  Ae. aegypti formosus  evolved from being zoophilic and living in forest habitats into a form that specialises on humans and resides near human population centres. The resulting domestic subspecies,  Ae. aegypti aegypti , is found throughout the tropics and largely blood-feeds on humans.    Results  To understand this transition, we have sequenced the exomes of mosquitoes collected from five populations from around the world. We found that  Ae. aegypti  specimens from an urban population in Senegal in West Africa were more closely related to populations in Mexico and Sri Lanka than they were to a nearby forest population. We estimate that the populations in Senegal and Mexico split just a few hundred years ago, and we found no evidence of  Ae. aegypti aegypti  mosquitoes migrating back to Africa from elsewhere in the tropics. The out-of-Africa migration was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in effective population size, resulting in a loss of genetic diversity and rare genetic variants.    Conclusions  We conclude that a domestic population of  Ae. aegypti  in Senegal and domestic populations on other continents are more closely related to each other than to other African populations. This suggests that an ancestral population of  Ae. aegypti  evolved to become a human specialist in Africa, giving rise to the subspecies  Ae. aegypti aegypti.  The descendants of this population are still found in West Africa today, and the rest of the world was colonised when mosquitoes from this population migrated out of Africa. This is the first report of an African population of  Ae. aegypti aegypti  mosquitoes that is closely related to Asian and American populations. As the two subspecies differ in their ability to vector disease, their existence side by side in West Africa may have important implications for disease transmission.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0351-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc biology

Population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in West Africa recently gave rise to American and Asian populations of this major disease vector