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Background  The whitefly  Bemisia tabaci  (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the 100 worst invasive species in the world. As one of the most important crop pests and virus vectors,  B. tabaci  causes substantial crop losses and poses a serious threat to global food security.    Results  We report the 615-Mb high-quality genome sequence of  B. tabaci  Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), the first genome sequence in the Aleyrodidae family, which contains 15,664 protein-coding genes. The  B. tabaci  genome is highly divergent from other sequenced hemipteran genomes, sharing no detectable synteny. A number of known detoxification gene families, including cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, are significantly expanded in  B. tabaci . Other expanded gene families, including cathepsins, large clusters of tandemly duplicated  B. tabaci -specific genes, and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs), were found to be associated with virus acquisition and transmission and/or insecticide resistance, likely contributing to the global invasiveness and efficient virus transmission capacity of  B. tabaci . The presence of 142 horizontally transferred genes from bacteria or fungi in the  B. tabaci  genome, including genes encoding hopanoid/sterol synthesis and xenobiotic detoxification enzymes that are not present in other insects, offers novel insights into the unique biological adaptations of this insect such as polyphagy and insecticide resistance. Interestingly, two adjacent bacterial pantothenate biosynthesis genes,  panB  and  panC , have been co-transferred into  B. tabaci  and fused into a single gene that has acquired introns during its evolution.    Conclusions  The  B. tabaci  genome contains numerous genetic novelties, including expansions in gene families associated with insecticide resistance, detoxification and virus transmission, as well as numerous horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi. We believe these novelties likely have shaped  B. tabaci  as a highly invasive polyphagous crop pest and efficient vector of plant viruses. The genome serves as a reference for resolving the  B. tabaci  cryptic species complex, understanding fundamental biological novelties, and providing valuable genetic information to assist the development of novel strategies for controlling whiteflies and the viruses they transmit.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0321-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc biology

The draft genome of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1, a global crop pest, provides novel insights into virus transmission, host adaptation, and insecticide resistance