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Background  Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is common among inpatients. Severe AKI increases all-cause mortality especially in critically ill patients. Older patients are more at risk of AKI because of the declined renal function, increased comorbidities, aggressive medical treatments, and nephrotoxic drugs. Early prediction of AKI for older inpatients is therefore crucial.    Methods  We use 80 different laboratory tests from the electronic health records and two types of representations for each laboratory test, that is, we consider 160 (laboratory test, type) pairs one by one to do the prediction. By proposing new similarity measures and employing the classification technique of the K nearest neighbors, we are able to identify the most effective (laboratory test, type) pairs for the prediction. Furthermore, in order to know how early and accurately can AKI be predicted to make our method clinically useful, we evaluate the prediction performance of up to 5 days prior to the AKI event.    Results  We compare our method with two existing works and it shows our method outperforms the others. In addition, we implemented an existing method using our dataset, which also shows our method has a better performance. The most effective (laboratory test, type) pairs found for different prediction times are slightly different. However, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is found the most effective (laboratory test, type) pair for most prediction times.    Conclusion  Our study is first to consider the last value and the trend of the sequence for each laboratory test. In addition, we define the exclusion criteria to identify the inpatients who develop AKI during hospitalization and we set the length of the data collection window to ensure the laboratory data we collect is close to the AKI time. Furthermore, we individually select the most effective (laboratory test, type) pairs to do the prediction for different days of early prediction. In the future, we will extend this approach and develop a system for early prediction of major diseases to help better disease management for inpatients.

Early prediction of acquiring acute kidney injury for older inpatients using most effective laboratory test results