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Background  Not least the much-invoked shortage of physicians in the current and the next generation has resulted in a wide range of efforts to improve postgraduate medical training. This is also in the focus of the current healthcare policy debate. Furthermore, quality and scope of available postgraduate training are important locational advantages in the competition for medical doctors. This study investigates the preferences and concerns that German house officers (HOs) have about their current postgraduate training. It also highlights how HOs evaluate the quality of their current postgraduate training and the learning environment.    Methods  HOs were asked to answer the question: “Which things are of capital importance to you personally in your medical training?”, using a free text format. The survey was conducted web based (Lime survey) and all data was anonymized. Summarizing qualitative analyses were performed using the software tool MaxQDA.    Results  A total of 255 HOs participated in this study (female:  n  = 129/50.6 %; male:  n  = 126/49.4 %; age: 32 + 6 years) associated with 17 different German hospitals and from four medical specialties. Ten categories were generated from a total of 366 free text answers: 1. methodology of learning ( n  = 66), 2. supervision ( n  = 66), 3. learning structure ( n  = 61), 4. teaching competence ( n  = 37), 5. dedication ( n  = 34), 6. work climate ( n  = 29), 7. feedback/communication ( n  = 22), 8. challenge/patient safety ( n  = 21), 9. time/resources ( n  = 17), 10. personal security/safety ( n  = 13).    Conclusions  HOs want a reliable and curriculum-guided learning structure. Different studying techniques should be used with sufficient (time) resources available in a trusting and communicative learning environment. Competent and dedicated instructors are expected to give individual and specific feedback to the HOs on individual strengths and deficits. Instructors should develop educational concepts in cooperation with the HOs and at the same time avoid excessive demands on HOs or hazards to patients.

What motivates young physicians? – a qualitative analysis of the learning climate in specialist medical training