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Background Though  Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng  antioxidant activity has been demonstrated, its effect in protecting the brain from lead (Pb)-induced oxidative damage is unknown. This study investigated the effect of  L. javanica  against Pb-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and acetylcholinesterase activity in rat’s brain. Methods L. javanica  herbal tea infusion was prepared, its phytochemical constituent was revealed by liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and was administered simultaneously with Pb. Four groups of male Wistar rats ( n  = 5/group) were used: control received distilled water; Pb-acetate group received 50 mg Pb/ Kg bodyweight (bw), treatment group received 50 mg Pb/ Kg Pb-acetate + 5 ml/kg bw  L. javanica  and  L. javanica  group received 5 ml/Kg bw of  L. javanica  tea infusion only. After 6 weeks of treatment, oxidative status, acetylcholinesterase activity, inflammation and apoptosis was assessed in brain tissue which was also histologically examined. Results Mean brain and heart weight was reduced ( p  &lt; 0.05) while liver and spleen weights were increased ( p  &lt; 0.05) in Pb exposed animals but were prevented by  L. juvanica  treatment. Treatment with  L. javanica  increased  (p &lt; 0.05)  overall brain antioxidant status (glutathione and superoxide dismutase activities) and reduced lipid peroxidation ( p  &lt; 0.05) compared to the Pb exposed animals. Pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrotic factor-alpha, pro-apoptosis Bax protein and anticholinesterase activity were reduced ( p  &lt; 0.05) in Pb- L. javanica  treated animals compared to the Pb exposed group. Histological examination confirmed neuroprotective effects of  L. javanica  as evidenced by reduced apoptosis/necrosis and inflammation-induced vacuolization and oedema in the hippocampus. The  L. javanica  treatment alone had no detrimental effects to the rats. LC-MS analysis revealed  L. javanica  to be rich in phenolics. Conclusions This study demonstrated that  L. javanica,  rich in phenolics was effective in reducing Pb-induced brain oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase activity and neuronal damage.

Neuroprotective effects of Lippia javanica (Burm.F.) Spreng. Herbal tea infusion on Lead-induced oxidative brain damage in Wistar rats