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Background  Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases worldwide. Dental caries is mainly associated with  Streptococcus mutans  and the  Lactobacillus  species. A specific relationship was found between nicotine and  S. mutans  growth as the presence of nicotine increased  S. mutans  biofilm formation. Nicotine is able to increase the number of  S. mutans  and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis. Among the widely used herbs and spices is cinnamon which demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacteria including  S. mutans  and showed the ability to inhibit  S. mutans  biofilm formation. Cinnamon essential oil, obtained from the leaves of  C. zeylanicum , has been demonstrated to be effective against  S. mutans  and  Lactobacillus acidophilus , which are partially responsible for dental plaque formation and caries development. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of nicotine exposure on the inhibitory effects of cinnamon water extract on  S. mutans  biofilm formation.    Materials and methods  A 24-h culture of  S. mutans  UA159 in microtiter plates was treated with varying nicotine concentrations (0–32 mg/ml) in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS) with or without a standardized concentration (2.5 mg/ml) of cinnamon water extract. A spectrophotometer was used to determine total growth absorbance and planktonic growth. The microtiter plate wells were washed, fixed and stained with crystal violet dye and the absorbance measured to determine biofilm formation.    Results  The presence of 2.5 mg/ml cinnamon water extract inhibits nicotine-induced  S. mutans  biofilm formation from 34 to 98% at different concentrations of nicotine (0–32 mg/ml).    Conclusion  The results demonstrated nicotine-induced  S. mutans  biofilm formation is decreased from 34 to 98% in the presence of 2.5 mg/ml cinnamon water extract. This provides further evidence about the biofilm inhibitory properties of cinnamon water extract and reconfirms the harmful effects of nicotine.

In vitro Cariostatic effects of cinnamon water extract on nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm