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Background  Lamiaceae family is one of the most diverse and common plant families in terms of ethnomedicine due to their potential therapeutic effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the chemical composition and the antibacterial effect of five essential oils from this family against five reference bacterial strains responsible of nosocomial diseases and foodborne illnesses.    Methods  The commercial essential oils of Tunisian  Rosmarinus officinalis ,  Thymus capitatus ,  Origanum majorana  and  Salvia officinalis  were analyzed by GC/FID and GC-MS. Essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activities by disc diffusion and microbroth dilution methods against five reference bacterial strains:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,  Escherichia coli ,  Salmonella enterica ,  Bacillus subtilis  and  Staphylococcus aureus . The inhibition zone diameter values and the twenty major compounds of the selected essential oils were subjected to PCA and HCA analysis.    Results  Analysis by GC/FID and GC/MS allowed the identification of ninety-one components representing 96.0 to 98.2% of the total oils. The different component contents varied according to the species. The main components were carvacrol,  1,8 -cineole,  α -thujone,  α -terpineol and  α -pinene. The PCA and the HCA of the selected essential oil components and the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) values identified four species groups and subgroups. Each essential oils group constituted a chemotype responsible for their bacterial inhibition ability.  Thymus capitatus  essential oil showed the strongest antibacterial activity with MBC ranging from 0.73 to 2.94 mg mL − 1 .    Conclusion   Rosmarinus officinalis ,  Thymus capitatus ,  Origanum majorana  and  Salvia officinalis  essential oils have shown promising antibacterial activities against reference bacterial strains responsible for nosocomial diseases and foodborne illnesses.

Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae species essential oils from Tunisia