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Background  Dental caries is a biofilm-diet-dependent worldwide public health problem, and approaches against microorganisms in cariogenic biofilms are necessary.    Methods  The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 12  Casearia sylvestris  extracts (0.50 mg/mL) from different Brazilian biomes (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga, Pampa, and Pantanal) and varieties ( sylvestris ,  lingua , and intermediate) were tested against two species found in cariogenic biofilms ( Streptococcus mutans  and  Candida albicans ). The extracts effective against  S. mutans  were used to evaluate the "adhesion strength" of this bacterium to the salivary pellicle and initial glucan matrix and the  S. mutans- GtfB activity. Also, the antimicrobial activity against  S. mutans  of three fractions (methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane; 0.25 mg/mL) from the extracts was evaluated.    Results  Three extracts from the Atlantic Forest variety  sylvestris  (FLO/SC, GUA/CE, PRE/SP) reduced ≥50% ( >  3 logs)  S. mutans  viable population ( p  < 0.0001 vs. vehicle), while two extracts from the same biome and variety (PAC/CE, PRE/SP) decreased ≥50% of the viable counts of  C. albicans  ( p  < 0.0001 vs. vehicle). For  S. mutans  biofilms, three extracts (GUA/CE, PAC/CE, PRE/SP) reduced the biomass by ≥91% ( p  > 0.0001 vs. vehicle) and 100% of the microbial population ( p  < 0.0001 vs. vehicle). However, for the fungal biofilm, two extracts (PAC/CE, PRE/SP) reduced the viable counts by ≥52% ( p  < 0.0001 vs. vehicle), but none reduced biomass. The extracts with higher antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities presented higher content of clerodane-type diterpenes and lower content of glycosylated flavonoids than the less active extracts. The extracts had no effect on the removal of cells adhered to the pellicle ( p  > 0.05 vs. vehicle) while promoted the detachment of a larger number of  S. mutans  cells from GtfB-glucan matrix ( p  < 0.0031 vs. vehicle), and FLO/SC, GUA/CE and PRE/SP reduced the quantity of glucans ( p   <  0.0136 vs. vehicle). Only the ethyl acetate fractions reduced the microbial population of  S. mutans  ( p  < 0.0001 vs. vehicle), except for one (PAC/CE). Among the ethyl acetate fractions, three from var.  lingua  (two from Cerrado, and one from Cerrado/Caatinga) reduced ≥83% of the microbial population.    Conclusions   C. sylvestris  extracts from Atlantic Forest var.  sylvestris  and ethyl acetate fractions from Cerrado and Cerrado/Caatinga var.  lingua  may be used as a strategy against cariogenic microorganisms.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Casearia sylvestris extracts from distinct Brazilian biomes against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans