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Background  Brown adipocytes are known to promote energy expenditure and limit weight gain to combat obesity.  Averrhoa bilimbi , locally called belimbing buluh (DBB), is mainly used as an ethnomedicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity. The present study aims to investigate the browning activity on white adipocytes by  A. bilimbi  leaf extract and to evaluate the potential mechanisms.    Methods  Ethanolic leaf extract of  A. bilimbi  was exposed to Myf5 lineage precursor cells to stimulate adipocyte differentiation. Protein expressions of brown adipocyte markers were determined through high content screening analysis and validated through western blotting. Mito Stress Test assay was conducted to evaluate the cellular oxygen consumption rate upon  A. bilimbi  treatment.    Results   A. bilimbi  ethanolic leaf extract exhibited an adipogenesis effect similar to a PPARgamma agonist. It also demonstrated brown adipocyte differentiation in myoblastic Myf5-positive precursor cells. Expression of UCP1 and PRDM16 were induced. The basal metabolic rate and respiratory capacity of mitochondria were increased upon  A. bilimbi  treatment.    Conclusions  The findings suggest that  Averrhoa bilimbi  ethanolic leaf extract induces adipocyte browning through PRDM16 activation and enhances mitochondria activity due to UCP1 up-regulation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2640-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Novel discovery of Averrhoa bilimbi ethanolic leaf extract in the stimulation of brown fat differentiation program in combating diet-induced obesity