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Background   Papaver nudicaule  belongs to the  Papaveraceae  family, which is planted as an annual herbaceous species generally for ornamental purpose.  Papaver rhoeas  in the same family has been reported to have various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and analgesic effects. In contrast, little is known about the pharmacological activity of  Papaver nudicaule . In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of  Papaver nudicaule  extracts and the action mechanisms were investigated in RAW264.7 macrophage cells.    Methods  To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of five cultivars of  Papaver nudicaule  with different flower color, samples were collected from their aerial parts at two growth stages (60 and 90 days) and their ethanol extracts were evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells by measuring nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production were also analyzed by RT-PCR and multiplex assays. Nuclear Factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways were examined using western blotting and luciferase reporter assays to reveal the action mechanism of  Papaver nudicaule  extracts in their anti-inflammatory activity.    Results  All of the  Papaver nudicaule  extracts were effective in reducing the LPS-induced NO, which is an important inflammatory mediator, and the extract of  Papaver nudicaule  with white flower collected at 90 days (NW90) was selected for further experiments because of the best effect on reducing the LPS-induced NO as well as no toxicity. NW90 lowered the LPS-induced PGE2 level and decreased the LPS-induced Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). In addition, NW90 reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, NW90 inhibited the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and STAT3.    Conclusions  These results indicate that NW90 may restrain inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3, suggesting the potential therapeutic properties of  Papaver nudicaule  against inflammatory disease.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2497-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy) alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through inactivating NF-κB and STAT3