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Background   Brachychiton rupestris  and  Brachychiton discolor  (Malvaceae) are ornamental trees native to Australia. Some members of  Brachychiton  and its highly related genus,  Sterculia , are employed in traditional medicine for itching, dermatitis and other skin diseases. However, scientific studies on these two genera are scarce. Aiming to reveal the scientific basis of the folk medicinal use of these plants, the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of  Brachychiton rupestris  and  Brachychiton discolor  leaves extracts and fractions were evaluated. Also, phytochemical investigation of  B. rupestris  was performed to identify the compounds exerting the biological effect.    Methods  Extracts as well as fractions of  Brachychiton rupestris  and  Brachychiton discolor  were tested for their cytotoxicity versus hepatoma HepG2, lung A549, and breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Assessment of the anti-allergic activity was done using degranulation assay in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Anti-inflammatory effect was tested by measuring the suppression of superoxide anion production as well as elastase release in fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils. Phytochemical investigation of the  n -hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of  B. rupestris  was done using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.    Results  The tested samples showed no cytotoxicity towards the tested cell lines. The nonpolar fractions of both  B. rupestris  and  B. discolor  showed potent anti-allergic potency by inhibiting the release of  β -hexosaminidase. The dichloromethane fraction of both species exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing superoxide anion generation and elastase release with IC 50  values of 2.99 and 1.98 μg/mL, respectively for  B. rupestris , and 0.78 and 1.57 μg/mL, respectively for  B. discolor.  Phytochemical investigation of various fractions of  B. rupestris  resulted in the isolation of  β -amyrin acetate (1),  β -sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3) from the  n -hexane fraction. Scopoletin (4) and  β -sitosterol-3- O - β -D-glucoside (5) were obtained from the dichloromethane fraction. Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4- O - β -D-glucoside (6) and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9- O - β -D-glucoside (7) were separated from the ethyl acetate fraction. Scopoletin (4) showed anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity.    Conclusions  It was concluded that the nonpolar fractions of both  Brachychiton  species exhibited anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2359-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Study of the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity of Brachychiton rupestris and Brachychiton discolor leaves (Malvaceae) using in vitro models