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Background  Most of herbal medicines are used without any standard safety and toxicological trials although common assumption is that these products are nontoxic. However, this assumption is incorrect and dangerous, so toxicological studies should be done for herbal drugs. Although  Pterolobium stellatum ,  Otostegia integrifolia  and  Vernonia amygdalina  root extracts are frequently used in Ethiopian traditional medicine, there are no evidences of their active toxic compounds. Therefore, we made an effort to assess probable genotoxic effect of these plant extracts on DNA of human hematoma (HepG 2 ) cells using alkaline comet assay.    Methods  Genotoxic effects of extracts were evaluated using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) method on HepG 2  cell. Regarding comet data, the average mean tail intensities (TI) from each individual experiment and treatment (usually at least 3 cultures/treatment) were pooled and the average mean TI was used as an indicator of DNA damage and the standard error of mean (SEM) as the measure of variance.    Results  DNA damage in the form of comet tail has been observed for 1 and 0.5 mg/ml  P. stellatum  chloroform and 80% methanol extracts on HepG 2  cells, respectively. The chloroform extract of  P. stellatum  showed increased tail DNA percentage in a concentration dependent manner. Comet tail length in the chloroform  P. stellatum  extract treated cells (1 mg/ml) was significantly higher by 89% ( p  < 0.05) compared to vehicle treated controls. The rest of test extracts seemed to be without genotoxic effect up to a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml.    Conclusions  Our findings show that two extracts from one plant evaluated have a genotoxic potential in vitro which calls for a more thorough safety evaluation. Such evaluation should include other end-points of genotoxicity apart from DNA damage, and possibly also pure compounds.

Genotoxicity study of Ethiopian medicinal plant extracts on HepG2 cells