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Background    Tetracera indica  Merr. (Family: Dilleniaceae), known to the Malay as ‘ Mempelas paya ’, is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Malaysia. However, no proper scientific study has been carried out to verify the traditional claim of  T. indica  as an antidiabetic agent. Hence, the aims of the present study were to determine the in vitro antidiabetic potential of the  T. indica  stems ethanol extract, subfractions and isolated compounds.    Methods  The ethanol extract and its subfractions, and isolated compounds from  T. indica  stems were subjected to cytotoxicity test using MTT viability assay on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Then, the test groups were subjected to the in vitro antidiabetic investigation using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes to determine the insulin-like and insulin sensitizing activities. Rosiglitazone was used as a standard antidiabetic agent. All compounds were also subjected to fluorescence glucose (2-NBDG) uptake test on differentiated adipocytes. Test solutions were introduced to the cells in different safe concentrations as well as in different adipogenic cocktails, which were modified by the addition of compounds to be investigated and in the presence or absence of insulin. Isolation of bioactive compounds from the most effective subfraction (ethyl acetate) was performed through repeated silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and their structures were elucidated through  1 H–and  13 C–NMR spectroscopy.    Results  Four monoflavonoids, namely, wogonin, norwogonin, quercetin and techtochrysin were isolated from the  T. indica  stems ethanol extract. Wogonin, norwogonin and techtochrysin induced significant ( P  < 0.05) adipogenesis like insulin and enhanced adipogenesis like rosiglitazone. Wogonin and norwogonin also exhibited significant ( P  < 0.05) glucose uptake activity.    Conclusion  The present study demonstrated that the flavonoids isolated from the  T. indica  stems possess antidiabetic potential revealing insulin-like and insulin-sensitizing effects which were significant among the compounds. This also rationalizes the traditional use of  T. indica  in the management of diabetes in Malaysia.

Flavonoids from Tetracera indica Merr. induce adipogenesis and exert glucose uptake activities in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells