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Background    Holarrhena antidysenterica  has been employed as an ethnobotanical plant for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, fever, and bacterial infections. Biological activities of the principle compound, conessine including anti-diarrhoea and anti-plasmodial effects were documented. Our previous study reported potency of  Holarrhena antidysenterica  extract and conessine as resistance modifying agents against extensively drug-resistant  Acinetobacter baumannii . This study aimed to investigate (i) whether conessine, a steroidal alkaloid compound, could act as a resistance modifying agent against multidrug-resistant  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and (ii) whether MexAB-OprM efflux pump involved in the mechanism.    Methods  Conessine combined with various antibiotics were determined for synergistic activity against  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 strain K767 (wild-type), K1455 (MexAB-OprM overexpressed), and K1523 (MexB deletion). H33342 accumulation assay was used to evaluate efflux pump inhibition while NPN uptake assay was assessed membrane permeabilization.    Results  Conessine significantly reduced MICs of all antibiotics by at least 8-fold in MexAB-OprM overexpressed strain. The levels were comparable to those obtained in wild-type strain for cefotaxime, levofloxacin, and tetracycline. With erythromycin, novobiocin, and rifampicin, MICs were 4- to 8-fold less than MICs of the wild-type strain. Loss of MexAB-OprM due to deletion of  mexB  affected susceptibility to almost all antibiotics, except novobiocin. Synergistic activities between other antibiotics (except novobiocin) and conessine observed in MexB deletion strain suggested that conessine might inhibit other efflux systems present in  P. aeruginosa.  Inhibition of H33342 efflux in the tested strains clearly demonstrated that conessine inhibited MexAB-OprM pump. In contrast, the mode of action as a membrane permeabilizer was not observed after treatment with conessine as evidenced by no accumulation of 1- N -phenylnaphthylamine.    Conclusions  The results suggested that conessine could be applied as a novel efflux pump inhibitor to restore antibiotic activity by inhibiting efflux pump systems in  P. aeruginosa . The findings speculated that conessine may also have a potential to be active against homologous resistance–nodulation–division (RND) family in other Gram-negative pathogens.

Conessine as a novel inhibitor of multidrug efflux pump systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa