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Background  Onchocerciasis is one of the tropical neglected diseases (NTDs) caused by the nematode  Onchocerca volvulus . Control strategies currently in use rely on mass administration of ivermectin, which has marked activity against microfilariae. Furthermore, the development of resistance to ivermectin was observed. Since vaccine and safe macrofilaricidal treatment against onchocerciasis are still lacking, there is an urgent need to discover novel drugs. This study was undertaken to investigate the anthelmintic activity of  Lophira lanceolata  on the cattle parasite  Onchocerca ochengi  and the anthelmintic drug resistant strains of the free living nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans  and to determine the phytochemical profiles of the extracts and fractions of the plants.    Methods  Plant was extracted in ethanol or methanol-methylene chloride.  O. ochengi ,  C. elegans  wild-type and  C. elegans  drug resistant strains were cultured in RPMI-1640 and NGM-agar respectively. Drugs diluted in dimethylsulphoxide/RPMI or M9-Buffer were added in assays and monitored at 48 h and 72 h. Worm viability was determined by using the MTT/formazan colorimetric method. Polyphenol, tannin and flavonoid contents were determined by dosage of gallic acid and rutin. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated using Swiss albino mice.    Results  Ethanolic and methanolic-methylene chloride extracts killed  O. ochengi  with LC 50  values of 9.76, 8.05, 6.39 μg/mL and 9.45, 7.95, 6.39 μg/mL respectively for leaves, trunk bark and root bark after 72 h. The lowest concentrations required to kill 50% of the wild-type of  C. elegans  were 1200 and 1890 μg/mL with ethanolic crude extract, 1000 and 2030 μg/mL with MeOH-CH 2 Cl 2  for root bark and trunk bark of  L. lanceolata , respectively after 72 h. Leave extracts of  L. lanceolata  are lethal to albendazole and ivermectin resistant strains of  C. elegans  after 72 h. Methanol/methylene chloride extracted more metabolites. Additionally, extracts could be considered relatively safe.    Conclusion  Ethanolic and methanolic-methylene chloride crude extracts and fractions of  L. lanceolata  showed in vitro anthelmintic activity. The extracts and fractions contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The mechanism of action of this plant could be different from that of albendazole and ivermectin. These results confirm the use of  L. lanceolata  by traditional healers for the treatment of worm infections.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1904-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Lophira lanceolata (Ochnaceae) on the bovine parasite Onchocerca ochengi and on drug resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans