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Background  The ethnic population of Arunachal Pradesh uses a number of orchids as such, or in decoction for various ailments. Three untapped orchids namely,  Rhynchostylis retusa, Tropidia curculioides  and  Satyrium nepalense,  traditionally used in tuberculosis, asthma and cold stage of malaria in folk medicine, were selected for the present study.    Methods  Dried material of each plant was divided into three parts. Solvent extraction and fractionation afforded altogether 30 extracts and fractions, which were evaluated against  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (H37Rv and MDR strain) for antimycobacterial activity; promastigotes and amastigotes of  Leishmania donovani  for leishmanicidal activity and two gram positive and three gram negative clinical isolates for antibacterial activity.    Results  The most significant antimycobacterial activity was observed with  n -hexane fraction of the flower of  Satyrium nepalense  with MIC of 15.7 μg/mL. The most promising leishmanicidal activity was observed with diethyl ether fraction of the roots of  Rhynchostylis retusa  with IC 50  values of 56.04 and 18.4 μg/mL against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes respectively. Evaluation of antibacterial activity identified  S. nepalense  flower  n -hexane and  R. retusa  roots diethyl ether as potential fractions with MIC values of ≤100 μg/mL against selected clinical isolates.    Conclusions  This is the first report of the plants possessing antimycobacterial and leishmanicidal activity. The investigation resulted in identification of  S. nepalense  as the most promising plant, which possessed all three activities in significant proportion. This laboratory outcome could be translated to marketable pharmaceutical products and also to produce maximum benefits to the local of nearby area.    Graphical abstract  Antimycobacterial and leishmanicidal activity of medicinal orchids

Evaluation of antimycobacterial, leishmanicidal and antibacterial activity of three medicinal orchids of Arunachal Pradesh, India