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Background  The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens is of great concern to the global health community. Our ability to effectively treat diseases is based on the discovery of potent drugs for the treatment of these challenging diseases. Traditional medicines are one of the major sources for the discovery of safe, effective and economical drug candidates. In order to validate its antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal potentials with respect to traditional uses, we have screened for the first time  Polygonum hydropiper  against pathogenic bacterial, fungal strains and a variety of insects.    Methods    Polygonum hydropiper  samples including crude extract (Ph.Cr), subsequent fractions;  n -hexane (Ph.Hex), chloroform (Ph.Chf), ethyl acetate (Ph.EtAc),  n -Butanol (Ph.Bt), aqueous (Ph.Aq) and crude saponins (Ph.Sp) were tested against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Insecticidal activities were performed against  Tribolium castaneum  and  Rhyzopertha dominica  and  Monomorium pharaonis.  Ph.Cr was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for preliminary identification of chemical constituents.    Results  In disc diffusion assay, Ph.Chf, Ph.Hex, Ph.EtAc and Ph.Sp exhibited highest activity against  Enterococcus faecalis.  MICs of Ph.Chf against  Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  were 32.00, 13.33, 10.66, 5.33, 64.00, 8.66 and 10.66 μg/ml respectively. MFC’s of Ph.Chf against  Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger  and  Fusarium oxysporum  were 16.66, 23.33, 125.00 and 46.66 μg/ml respectively. Ph.EtAc, Ph.Sp, Ph.Chf and Ph.Bt were most active fractions against  T. castaneum  and  R. dominica . Ph.Sp being most active against  A. punctatum  exhibited LC 50  of < 0.01 mg/ml. In GC-MS analysis of Ph.Cr, 124 compounds were identified among which several bioactive antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal compounds were found.    Conclusions    P. hydropiper  samples exhibited broad spectrum of activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Our results support previously reported insecticidal properties of saponins and may provide scientific justification for the ethno-medicinal uses of the plant.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1491-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Chemical profiling, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluations of Polygonum hydropiper L