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Background  Vector control remains the mainstay to effective malaria management. The negative implications following persistent application of synthetic insecticides geared towards regulation of mosquito populations have necessitated prospection for ecofriendly effective chemistries. Plant-derived compounds have the potential to control malaria-transmitting mosquito populations. Previously,  Agerantum conyzoides  extracts have demonstrated toxicity effects on disease-transmitting mosquitoes. However, their efficacy in controlling Afrotropical malaria vectors remains unclear. Herein, the toxicity and growth disruption activities of crude methanolic leaf extract of  A. conyzoides  on  Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto  and  An. arabiensis  larvae were assessed .Methods  Late third (L3) instars of  An. gambiae s.s  and  An. arabiensis  larvae were challenged with increasing doses of crude methanolic extract of  A. conyzoides.  The larval mortality rates were recorded every 24 h and the LC 50  values determined at their associated 95% confidence levels. ANOVA followed by Post-hoc Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test was used to compare results between treatment and control groups. Phytochemical profiling of the extract was performed using standard chemical procedures.    Results  Treatment of larvae with the methanolic extract depicted dose-dependent effects with highest mortality percentages of ≥ 69% observed when exposed with 250 ppm and 500 ppm for 48 h while growth disruption effects were induced by sublethal doses of between 50–100 ppm for both species. Relative to experimental controls, the extract significantly reduced larval survival in both mosquito species (ANOVA, F (8,126)  = 43.16776,  P <  0.001). The LC 50  values of the extract against  An. gambiae s.s  ranged between 84.71–232.70 ppm (95% CI 81.17–239.20), while against  An. arabiensis  the values ranged between 133.46–406.35 ppm (95% CI 131.51–411.25). The development of the juvenile stages was arrested at pupal-larval intermediates and adult emergence. The presence of alkaloids, aglycone flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins and coumarins can partly be associated with the observed effects.    Conclusion  The extract displayed considerable larvicidal activity and inhibited emergence of adult mosquitoes relative to experimental controls, a phenomenon probably associated with induced developmental hormone imbalance. Optimization of the bioactive compounds could open pathways into vector control programmes for improved mosquito control and reduced malaria transmission rates.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Methanolic extract of Agerantum conyzoides exhibited toxicity and growth disruption activities against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis larvae