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Background  Yi Ai Fang (YAF), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been identified to have anticancer activity in our previously studies. The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of YAF suppression of VM on colorectal cancer (CRC) in vitro and in vivo.    Methods  Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. HIF-1α, E-cd(E-cadherin), Claudin-4, and VIM (Vimentin) expressions level in vitro were evaluated by Western blot or RT-PCR. In addition, Human CRC HCT-116 cells were implanted in BALB/c nude mice; mice with xenografted tumors were randomly administrated vehicle (control), 8, 16, or 32 mg/mL YAF, or 1 mg/mL fluorouracil (5-FU). HIF-1α, E-cd, Claudin-4, and VIM expression in these tumors were determined by IHC.    Results  YAF effectively inhibited the growth and the formation of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) of CRC cells in a dose-dependent trend. YAF restrained the formation of vasculogenic mimicry(VM) through HIF-1α/EMT pathway in CRC. YAF suppressed VM was triggered by activation of E-cd and Claudin-4,which are characteristics of endothelial cells,and inhibition of HIF-1α and VIM in vitro. In vivo data showed that YAF remarkably inhibited growth of the xenografted tumors. The YAF-treated tumor samples were analyzed by IHC for levels of HIF-1α/EMT related proteins HIF-1α, E-cd, Claudin-4, and VIM. The results indicated that YAF significantly enhanced expression of E-cd and Claudin-4,but decreased expression of HIF-1α, VIM in a dose-dependent manner.    Conclusions  In conclusion, this study provided the first direct evidence that YAF inhibited the formation of VM in human CRC, suggesting that YAF may be considered as a useful target for cancer therapy.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Yi Ai Fang, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, impacts the vasculogenic mimicry formation of human colorectal cancer through HIF-1α and epithelial mesenchymal transition