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Background  Despite the increasing number and variety of antiepileptic drugs, nearly 30 % of epileptic patients who receive appropriate medical attention have persisting seizures. Anticonvulsant activity has been demonstrated for different iridoid glycoside-rich plant extracts. This study was designed to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of iridoid glycosides purified from  Feretia apodanthera  and to explore the possible mechanisms involved in antiepileptic activity.    Methods  The anticonvulsant effects of iridoid glycosides extracts were investigated against 2.7 mg/kg bicuculline- and 70 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions. The behavioural and electroencephalographic manifestations of 50 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice as a model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures were also evaluated. Finally, the extracts were tested on the course of kindling development, kindled-seizures and oxidative stress markers in 30 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Their effects on brain GABA content were also determined.    Results  The iridoid glycosides (30–90 mg/kg) protected mice against bicuculline-induced motor seizures in all pre-treated animals. Behavioural seizures- and mortality-induced by 70 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole were strongly antagonized by the extracts (60–90 mg/kg). The number of crisis (n/20 min), the cumulative duration of crisis (sec/20 min), and the mean duration of crisis (sec) recorded in 50 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole-treated mice were significantly decreased in all pre-treated mice with the extracts (60–90 mg/kg). Administration of the extracts (30–90 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to myoclonic jerks, clonic seizures as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures, improved the seizure mean stage and decreased the number of myoclonic jerks in 30 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Pentylenetetrazole kindling induced significant oxidative stress and brain GABA content alteration that was reversed by pretreatment with the extracts in a dose-dependent manner.    Conclusions  The results indicate that pretreatment with the iridoid glycosides extracts of  Feretia apodenthera  improves generalized tonic-clonic seizures-induced by chemo-convulsants, protects mice against kindling development and oxidative stress, and improves brain GABA content in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Anticonvulsant effects of iridoid glycosides fraction purified from Feretia apodanthera Del. (Rubiaceae) in experimental mice models of generalized tonic-clonic seizures