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Background   Candida albicans  is one of the organisms living on the human body symbiotically, but, in hosts with low immunity it becomes one of the most pathogenic fungal organisms.  Combretum zeyheri  has been reported to have antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Medicinal plants are believed to be non-toxic by the general public. Toxicity studies, however, have indicated that they are capable of causing numerous side effects, therefore, evaluation of safety is required. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of the antifungal constituents of  Combretum zeyheri  on mammalian cells.    Methods  Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids-enriched extracts and crude ethanol extracts were prepared from the leaves of  Combretum zeyheri . The broth microdilution method was used to investigate for antifungal activity, with miconazole used as the positive control. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine cell viability of the  Candida albicans  cells. The most potent extracts; the ethanol extract, alkaloids and saponins respectively, were further tested for their toxicity on sheep erythrocytes, mouse peritoneal macrophages and Jurkat T cells.    Results  All  Combretum zeyheri  extracts displayed a dose-dependent antifungal activity and had IC 50  values ranging from 16 μg/ml to 159 μg/ml for  Candida albicans . The alkaloids, saponins and ethanol extracts were found to be non-toxic towards mouse peritoneal cells and Jurkat T cells. In the haemolysis assay, all extracts were haemolytic at varying degrees and showed their greatest haemolytic activity at the highest concentration of 5 mg/ml. The saponins were the least haemolytic, followed by the ethanol extracts and the alkaloids respectively. Although these extracts were haemolytic to some extent, they may considered safe at therapeutic concentrations since there was a large difference between the antifungal IC 50  and haemolysis EC 50  values ,  hence a large therapeutic window.    Conclusions   Combretum zeyheri  antifungal constituents are, therefore, a potential source of lead compounds which can be developed into antifungal drugs of natural origin owing to  Combretum zeyheri ’s effective antifungal activity and low toxicity to mammalian cells.

In vitro toxicity determination of antifungal constituents from Combretum zeyheri