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Background  Childbearing may increase the future risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in mothers. However, the issue is not clear completely and not investigated in the Middle East, a region with a high burden of T2DM. In the current study, we examined the association of parity/live birth number with incident T2DM among Iranian women.    Methods  The study population included 2552 women aged 30–65 years recruited in 1999–2001 and were followed for incident T2DM by 3-year intervals. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the parity/live birth number for incident T2DM. Parity number was defined as the number of live childbirth (number of live birth) plus the number of stillbirth (defined as birth of an infant that died after the 20th week of pregnancy in the uterus).    Results  During a median follow-up of 15.4 years, 557 incident T2DM cases have occurred. After adjustment for potential T2DM risk factors and reproductive factors, each additional parity caused a 9% higher risk for incident T2DM. Moreover, compared to women with one parity, those with 3 and ≥ 4 parity had HRs of 1.73 [95% CI: 1.06–2.83] and 2.23 [1.36–3.65], respectively. After further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, although the HRs were attenuated prominently, parity ≥ 4 was associated with significantly higher risk (HR: 1.72 [1.05–2.83]); even after further adjustment for triglycerides (TG)/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the risk remained marginally significant (HR: 1.64 [1.00–2.70;  P  value: 0.051]). For the number of live birth, the results were also similar. Moreover, in a sensitivity analysis, when we considered BMI change during follow-up as another covariate, generally, the effect sizes did not change; the trend of HRs across categories of parity number remained marginally significant ( P  value: 0.064).    Conclusions  During a long-term follow-up, after adjustment for potential T2DM risk factors, reproductive factors, obesity indices, and TG/HDL-C (insulin resistance surrogate), we demonstrated that higher parity/live birth numbers could be associated with increased risk of T2DM development among Iranian women. Moreover, even after further adjustment for BMI change, the suggestive higher risk was still found.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-021-01519-7.

bmc women's health

The association of parity/live birth number with incident type 2 diabetes among women: over 15 years of follow-up in The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study