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Background  The present study aimed to study the relationship between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D3(25(OH)D3) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and thyroid nodules.    Methods  Two hundred eighty-nine cases with thyroid nodules and 109 health subjects (control group) who admitted to the Hebei General Hospital during June 2016 to December 2016 were included in the study. Basic clinical information (age, sex, thyroid function, liver and kidney function, hypertension history, etc.) of patients were collected. Serum 25(OH) D3 and Serum IGF-1 were detected by electrochemiluminescence and radioimmunoassay methods, respectively. The relationship between the above-mentioned factors and thyroid nodules was statistically analyzed.    Results  Serum 25(OH)D3, IGF-1, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), waist circumference (WC), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), hypertension history, and drinking history were significantly different between the nodules group and the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between thyroid nodules and levels of 25(OH)D3, IGF-1, TT3, as well as a positive correlation with FBG, TC, TT4, and hypertension. There was a positive correlation between IGF-1 and serum 25(OH)D3 in thyroid nodules ( P  < 0.05). After correcting the aforementioned factors, high-level of serum 25(OH)D3 was significantly correlated with the decreased incidence of thyroid nodules.    Conclusions  The incidence of thyroid nodules is relatively lower in a high-level of serum 25(OH)D3, and serum 25(OH)D3 may be a direct protective factor for thyroid nodules. Serum IGF-1 can be one of the indirect protective factors for thyroid nodules as well.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12902-019-0376-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Changes of serum 25(OH) D3 and IGF-1 levels in patients with thyroid nodules