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Background  The universal stress proteins (USP) family member UspE is a tandem-type USP that consists of two Usp domains. The UspE expression levels of the  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ) become elevated in response to oxidative stress and DNA damaging agents, including exposure to mitomycin C, cadmium, and hydrogen peroxide. It has been shown that UspA family members are survival factors during cellular growth arrest. The structures and functions of the UspA family members control the growth of  E. coli  in animal hosts. While several UspA family members have known structures, the structure of  E. coli  UspE remains to be elucidated.    Results  To understand the biochemical function of UspE, we have determined the crystal structure of  E. coli  UspE at 3.2 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit contains two protomers related by a non-crystallographic symmetry, and each protomer contains two tandem Usp domains. The crystal structure shows that UspE is folded into a fan-shaped structure similar to that of the tandem-type Usp protein PMI1202 from  Proteus mirabilis , and it has a hydrophobic cavity that binds its ligand. Structural analysis revealed that  E. coli  UspE has two metal ion binding sites, and isothermal titration calorimetry suggested the presence of two Cd 2+  binding sites with a K d  value of 38.3–242.7 μM. Structural analysis suggested that  E. coli  UspE has two Cd 2+  binding sites (Site I: His117, His 119; Site II: His193, His244).    Conclusion  The results show that the UspE structure has a hydrophobic pocket. This pocket is strongly bound to an unidentified ligand. Combined with a previous study, the ligand is probably related to an intermediate in lipid A biosynthesis. Subsequently, sequence analysis found that UspE has an ATP binding motif (Gly 269 - X 2 -Gly 272 -X 9 -Gly 282 -Asn) in its C-terminal domain, which was confirmed by  in vitro  ATPase activity monitored using Kinase-Glo® Luminescent Kinase Assay. However, the residues constituting this motif were disordered in the crystal structure, reflecting their intrinsic flexibility. ITC experiments revealed that the UspE probably has two Cd 2+  binding sites. The His117, His 119, His193, and His244 residues within the β-barrel domain are necessary for Cd 2+  binding to UspE protein. As mentioned above, USPs are associated with several functions, such as cadmium binding, ATPase function, and involvement in lipid A biosynthesis by some unknown way.

Crystal structure and functional implications of the tandem-type universal stress protein UspE from Escherichia coli